A LITTLE MORE ABOUT COREXIT AND HOW IT WORKS

   What our governments have not been admitting to, is that there are many, many, factors involved with the current events. Science is hidden from the public mind, the people that are knowledgeable, ie: meteorologists, astrophysicists , microbiologists, petroleum geologists, chemical engineers, etc, etc ...provide the information for public viewing.....I have only provided an area where where you can see it for yourselves. For my regular readers, I'll give you advance warning, it's a slight re-hash.

   They have repeatedly lied and hidden the truth about :

   The science about the chemicals being applied, how they react in the environment, how they are effecting our weather, and other things as well. Every meteorologists/cloud physicist/astrophysicist/biologist/microbiologist/rocket scientist/chemical engineer knows that complex chemical reactions take place in clouds. An  " electrochemical reaction  " it's called. Anytime that chemicals are exposed to what's called a solution ,
 or " sol " in the industry, they start to undergo changes. The changes are controlled by, atmospheric pressure and  PH among other factors, and the reactions produced by the products produced by the original reaction, produce a whole different set of reactions amongst themselves. Just one of  the ingredients, in just one of the COREXIT dispersants being used is what's called a nanoparticle......

   Another one of the things that the public is unaware of, is the fact that evaporation is controlled by the salt saturation at the surface of the water. Seawater in the Gulf of Mexico is less dense at the top, for a few reasons. The first is the fact that the Gulf is pretty much solid salt. Brine densities at the floor of the gulf can exceed what is tolerable for life, it settles in what's known as a "brine pool", the deeper you go, the higher the salinity. Evaporation helps keeps the less dense , less salty water near the surface.


   The brine often contains high concentrations of methane, providing energy to chemosynthetic animals that live near the pool. These creatures are often extremophiles. Brine pools are also known to exist on the Antarctic Shelf where the source of brine is salt excluded during formation of sea ice. Deep-sea and Antarctic brine pools can be toxic to marine animals. Here is a picture of just one amazing creature found recently on the floor of the G.o.M....that we will no longer be able to study. Methane worms, found living directly in methane hydrate formations....simply amazing. Link to the story   0,o------>        .---LINK

 

    Read my older post about the Department of Energy's sub-sea brine diffusers located on the floor of the Gulf of Mexico. Our strategic petroleum reserves are stored in underground salt caverns on the Gulf coast. They are carved out underground with a process called " solution mining " and then the supersaturated brine is either pumped directly into the G.o.M., or forced back into the water-table.There are many underground salt storage facilities all over the G.o.M coast containing toxic ingredients, oil, natural gas..and other things.
 
    Here are two links showing the incredible effects of brine release into the ocean..truly frightening, it can change the density and buoyancy of water very quickly......

   This first one is by : ENGINEERING ANALYSIS INC., whose customers include:  Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), the Department of Energy (DOE), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and the Gas Research Institute (GRI), plus a number of different municipal agencies and private companies.

The second is a D.O.E. PDF, about the impact.There are many other link in the older post. The storage is leaking                 0,o       ------->         .......LINK TO MY OLDER POST.


http://eai.home.mindspring.com/EAInegbu.html

.http://www.fe.doe.gov/programs/reserves/spr/publications/DEIS_Introduction_Sections.pdf


    Here's the absolute truth , and the admitting of lies about  COREXIT products, from :


Jim Clark
ExxonMobil Research and
Engineering

From :

Presentation to NRC Committee on
Understanding Oil Spill Dispersants: Efficacy and Effects
March 15, 2004

There's a link to the entire PDF   0,o   ---------->     LINK

COREXIT 9500 was formulated in 1992 Specifically for weathered oils, it has the same surfactants as COREXIT 9527, also the same primary ingredient.

"  Contains over 60% surfactants plus ethylene glycol monobutyl ether (butoxy ethanol)  "

"  At the Interface the surfactants reduce the surface tension allowing the oil to enter the water as tiny droplets which are degraded by natural bacteria. "

 2  key words there...surface tension....meaning " at the surface "....and bacteria....read my other post "
Who will Feast"........, they are lying.

"  Not designed for direct application to shorelines– COREXIT 9580 beach cleaner developed for that Application   "

"   Not very effective on weathered or heavy oils    "....wait....what....on the same PDF....?

                      Well , Jim...is it or isn't it...? ......Nevermind ?

 Surface dispersants have a 6 hour window for sour HI-E oil.   0,o---->         LINK, MMS PDF
 
   " Since heavy oil is involved in over half the spills, this has limited consideration of dispersants in many cases. "

                                    Here's what COREXIT 9500's effects on oil should look like

                                ......Doesn't look anything like what I have seen...how about you ?



                                              What is does appear to resemble is this :

    Combined with the fact that it takes 1-2 days, according to Exxon, to start breaking down in the environment....and the fact that lower density water at the surface of the G.o.M. means very fast evaporation rates....and the surfactant used is what's called a " nano-particle "....it's the same type of chemical used to create scratch-n-sniff stickers. It works by a process called Reverse Micelle Encapsulation , it's a type of Molecular encapsulation.

   The unique properties of nanoscale particles makes them particularly well suited for treating water.
Nanoparticles are microscopic particles less than 100 nm (nanometers) in diameter - that's one-billionth of a meter or around one thousandth the diameter of a human hair. A great deal of money is being poured into nanotechnology research given the wide application for nanoparticles - and they are already appearing in some many products including sunscreen and cosmetics.

   Nanoparticles are of particular interest to agricultural chemical companies such as Monsanto, Syngenta and BASF; who have been developing nanoparticle pesticides for some years now.

    According to Rural sociologist Dr Kristin Lyons of Griffith University Australia, the world's leading chemical company already sells a number of pesticide emulsions containing nanoparticles, but due to a lack of nanoparticle regulations, manufacturers may not be legally required to register established pesticides that have been altered to included nanoparticles.

   The positive side of nanoparticle pesticides is that far less need to be applied and according to the supporters of nano-technology, this reduces costs and environmental damage.

   Toxicity concerns      0,o--------->          LINK

   Nanomaterials can also pose problems when they are handled and used. Put simply, their very small size makes them easily airborne and hard to contain. And their unknown environmental and health risks means that they must be completely removed before the water is discharged — to avoid contaminating the environment or food chains.

   But filtering nanoparticles is nearly impossible. Their tiny size lets them easily block filter media. Given the large scales water treatment plants operate at, filtering nanoparticles can also be an expensive operation, adding to the cost of water treatment.

   There are widespread concerns about the potentially toxic effects of nanoparticles entering the food chain. We don't yet know how nanoparticles affect the human body. Due to their size, nanoparticles can pass through various barriers and reach sensitive organs such as the brain and heart, and are also difficult to remove from the body. Nanotoxicology is a new area of research. Researchers the world over are investigating the effects of nanoparticles on various life forms. And while the ill effects remain far from understood, we must be careful when using nanoparticles — especially for water treatment.

Sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate

A micelle (pronounced /maɪˈsɛl/ or /maɪˈsiːl/, plural micelles, micella, or micellae) is an aggregate of surfactant molecules dispersed in a liquid colloid. Below is a graphic showing how it works.

   First, oil is added to a solution of water-soluble polymer. A chemical catalyst is added, ...salt in this case, ....and the polymer surrounds each bead of oil, forming a shell.

  The polymer precursor is formed when butyl ethers contact water, it's exacerbated by hdrogen sulfide.

   Propylene glycol , both used in the production, and found in, the COREXIT dispersants currently being applied in the Gulf area, are a butyl ether of ethylene glycol.

    Ethylene glycol (IUPAC name: ethane-1,2-diol) is an organic compound widely used as an automotive antifreeze and a precursor to polymers.

   Because of its high boiling point and affinity for water, ethylene glycol is a useful desiccant. Ethylene glycol is widely used to inhibit the formation of natural gas clathrates (hydrates) in long multiphase pipelines that convey natural gas from remote gas fields to an onshore processing facility. Ethylene glycol can be recovered from the natural gas and reused as an inhibitor after purification treatment that removes water and inorganic salts.

   Most reactions are ring opening reactions involving protonated substrates (water, alcohols, amines). Ethylene oxide is hydrolyzed (reacted with water) in the presence of sulfuric acid as a catalyst. A tenfold molar excess of water is used to obtain ethylene glycol.
  The degree of polymerization decreases with increasing amounts of water:....as evaporation happens, the process starts to reverse.

   How the microbes are helping with the problem.....?

   The microbes that eat oil in the deep sea , like Planctomycetes, and Chloroflexi, and the ocean sub-floor, are the ones that don't use 02 to digest hydrocarbons, or prefer not to in the middle climes. The microbes that live in the warmer climes and the deep-sea microbes are the ones that produce the highly poisonous gases like carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide.

  The fact that 90% of the oil is under the surface of the seawater means that the microbes that produce the poisonous gases are going to be eating a majority of the oil.

   Hydrogen sulfide is slightly heavier than air.....which means that as the encapsulated 15-50 micron size drops of water rise from the surface of the ocean, I think, .....the HS gas is speeding up the process as they pass through the layer that's floating above the surface of the water.

    Anyway, ..after about 12 hours, the beads reach the size of from 20 to 30 microns. At this size, the individual beads are not visible to the naked eye, and their width is less than the diameter of a human hair. That is what's happening to the dispersed oil....the oil you see on the beaches has hardly been effected by any dispersants.


                            Water evaporates in droplet sizes of 15 to 50 microns...




The fact remains, that the ingredients in COREXIT 9500 are what they are, ...and the proprietary formulation of this salt is secret.

Molar mass, symbol M, is the mass of one mole of a substance (chemical element or chemical compound). It is a physical property which is characteristic of each pure substance.

Until we all know what the molar weight is, none of us will truly know how long it takes to degrade.

The weight of a substance that will combine with or replace one mole of hydrogen or one-half mole of oxygen. The equivalent weight is equal to the atomic weight divided by the valence.

http://www.answers.com/topic/equivalent-...

Here are the salt saturation densities for all depths of the G.o.M., hopefully it can be of use to somebody.

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_cKOX1rU0Q54/TC...

           .....Plastic oil-filled raindrops.--------->LINK

SO,...IF COREXIT 9500 IS ONLY EFFECTIVE AT THE SURFACE, APPLIED IN DROPLET FORM.........WHAT ARE THEY STILL APPLYING AT THE WELLHEAD...?

      Just one more link about nanoparticles.........and medicines........ulp....it's just fiction tho', thankfully.
                   0,o----->          LINK

     Now, seeing how we've ripped that shroud of bullshit in half, ......let's go on to some other things.

     The science behind the interactions that solar storms have on the different facets of the petroleum industry, but more importantly, the effects on us all...There are many types and intensities of particles, many different types of emissions from the Sun. Some effect we feel after the peak of the wave, some we feel at the peak. Some are stored in electrical potential in the Earth's various layers, ....which extend out into space. Some types effect clouds, and that is exactly what is happening right now.I am sure you have had strange lightning lately..?

   It is different than the normal negatively charged lightning, ....it is actually positively charged. That's why you don't see it hit the ground anywhere near as much. I think that the rain is ....happening....for lack of better words.....differently......anybody notice anything different about the rain in their area....?

 Leave a comment at the bottom of this post with the description, area, time, and whatever else you'd like to add.

Onward..

" Positive lightning makes up less than 5 % of all lightning. It occurs when the stepped leader forms at the positively charged cloud tops, with the consequence that a negatively charged streamer issues from the ground. The overall effect is a discharge of positive charges to the ground. Research carried out after the discovery of positive lightning in the 1970s showed that positive lightning bolts are typically six to ten times more powerful than negative bolts, last around ten times longer, and can strike several kilometers or miles distant from the clouds. During a positive lightning strike, huge quantities of ELF and VLF radio waves are generated. "

"As a result of their power, positive lightning strikes are considerably more dangerous. At the present time, aircraft are not designed to withstand such strikes, since their existence was unknown at the time standards were set, and the dangers unappreciated until the destruction of a glider in 1999.

Positive lightning is also now believed to have been responsible for the 1963 in-flight explosion and subsequent crash of Pan Am Flight 214, a Boeing 707. Subsequently, aircraft operating in U.S. airspace have been required to have lightning discharge wicks to reduce the chances of a similar occurrence.

Positive lightning has also been shown to trigger the occurrence of upper atmospheric lightning. It tends to occur more frequently in winter storms and at the end of a thunderstorm.

An average bolt of positive lightning carries a current of 300 kiloamperes (about ten times as much current as a bolt of negative lightning), transfers a charge of up to 300 coulombs, has a potential difference up to 1 gigavolt (a thousand million volts), dissipates enough energy to light a 100 watt light bulb for up to 95 years, and lasts for tens or hundreds of milliseconds. "

    Here's 2 maps of lightning in the world, also , take note of the fact the Gulf of Mexico is pretty much the only place in the world where lightning hits water on a regular basis.....ferromagnetic salt.......salt water......lightning.......Gas Diffusion Electrode....plastic toxic rain.......not good........Florida...." Lightning Alley ".....

.....I have my doubts about the imaging abilities of the on-site engineers to navigate sub-surface, the reasons are revealed in this post......solar storms.....geomagnetic storms.....gamma ray imaging.......ferromagnetic salt....seismic imaging.....electrical imaging methods    electrohydrodynamic induced current/gravity waves in pipelines....spells difficulty.

From Wikipedia , on geomagnetic storms.
 
 " GPS signals are affected when solar activity causes sudden variations in the density of the ionosphere, causing the GPS signals to scintillate (like a twinkling star). The scintillation of satellite signals during ionospheric disturbances is studied at HAARP during ionospheric modification experiments. It has also been studied at the Jicamarca Radio Observatory. "

  "  One technology used to allow GPS receivers to continue to operate in the presence of some confusing signals is Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM). However, RAIM is predicated on the assumption that a majority of the GPS constellation is operating properly, and so it is much less useful when the entire constellation is perturbed by global influences such as geomagnetic storms. Even if RAIM detects a loss of integrity in these cases, it may not be able to provide a useful, reliable signal. "

"    Earth's magnetic field is used by geologists to determine subterranean rock structures. For the most part, these geodetic surveyors are searching for oil, gas, or mineral deposits. They can accomplish this only when Earth's field is quiet, so that true magnetic signatures can be detected. Other surveyors prefer to work during geomagnetic storms, when the variations to Earth's normal subsurface electric currents help them to see subsurface oil or mineral structures. For these reasons, many surveyors use geomagnetic alerts and predictions to schedule their mapping activities.   "

Rapidly fluctuating geomagnetic fields can produce geomagnetically induced currents in pipelines. This can cause multiple problems for pipeline engineers. Flow meters in the pipeline can transmit erroneous flow information, and the corrosion rate of the pipeline is dramatically increased.( this is also sped up by the formation of sufuric acid and sub-surface concrete degradation, read my past posts, it's a big problem for petroleum engineers.) If engineers incorrectly attempt to balance the current during a geomagnetic storm, corrosion rates may increase even more. Once again, pipeline managers thus receive space weather alerts and warnings to allow them to implement defensive measures. "

     " During geomagnetic storms, there are effects on underwater communications as well, some submarine detection systems use the magnetic signatures of submarines as one input to their locating schemes. These storms can mask and distort these signals. If you have heard rumors of Iran/North Korea subs in the G.o.M.area......there could be some truth to that . "

Here is the link to my blog post explaining the difference between positive and negative lightning, how the Earth's magnetosphere couples with the ionosphere...and a few other things.       LINK

  The number of heat fatalities is likely highly under-reported due to lack of reports and misreports^. Part of the mortality observed during a heat wave, however, can be attributed to a so-called...

" harvesting effect "

... another term for " short-term forward mortality displacement ". It has been observed that for some heat waves, there is a compensatory decrease in overall mortality during the subsequent weeks after a heat wave. Such compensatory reduction in mortality suggests that heat affects especially those so ill that they "would have died in the short term anyway"......that is how we are seen in our leaders' eyes, .....expendable.

  In addition to physical stress, excessive heat causes psychological stress, to a degree which affects performance, and is also associated with an increase in violent crime.
   During 1988 intense heat spells in combination with the drought of 1988 caused deadly results across the United States. Some 5,000 to 10,000 people perished because of constant heat across the United States although-according to many estimates-total death reports run as high as next to 17,000 deaths. The summer of 1999 saw a devastating heat wave and drought in the eastern United States which claimed the lives of 500–700 people.

Below is a list of the major heatwaves since 2002, and the corresponding NASA/SEC warnings that were given to corporations and governments around the world..... ...that you did not get....I will not link them all, instead I have provided the page link to look through all the solar warnings, going back to 1997.

           

    Heat-waves in the 21st century

  In April 2002 a summer-like heat wave affected much of the Eastern United States.  

• Alerts Issued by SEC in April 2002                    

•  In the European heat wave of 2003, around 35,000 people died of it. Much of the heat was concentrated in France, where nearly 15,000 people died. In Portugal, the temperatures reached as high as 48 °C (118 °F) in the south. 
• Alerts Issued by SEC in July 2003
• Alerts Issued by SEC in August 2003

• The European heat wave of 2006 was the second massive heat wave to hit the continent in four years, with temperatures rising to 40 °C (104 °F) in Paris; in Ireland, which has a moderate maritime climate, temperatures of over 32 °C (90 °F) were reported. Temperatures of 35 °C (95 °F) were reached in the Benelux and Germany (in some areas 38 °C (100 °F), while Great Britain recorded 37 °C (99 °F). Many heat records were broken (including the hottest ever July temperature in Great Britain) and many people who experienced the heat waves of 1976 and 2003 drew comparisons with them. 
• Alerts Issued by SEC in July 2006 
• Alerts Issued by SEC in August 2006

• A heat wave affected much of the United States in July and August 2006. Over 220 deaths were reported. Temperatures in some parts of South Dakota exceeded 115 °F (46 °C), causing many problems for the residents. Also, California experienced temperatures that were extraordinarily high, with records ranging from 100 to 130 °F (38 to 54 °C). On July 22, the County of Los Angeles recorded its highest temperature ever at 119 °F (48 °C).
• See above, same year.

• The European heat wave of 2007 affected primarily south-eastern Europe during late June through August. Bulgaria experienced its hottest year on record, with previously unrecorded temperatures above 45 °C (113 °F). The 2007 Greek forest fires were associated with the heat wave. 
• Alerts Issued by SEC in June 2007 
• Alerts Issued by SEC in July 2007
• Alerts Issued by SEC in August 2007

• During the 2007 Asian heat wave, the Indian city of Datia experienced temperatures of 48 °C (118 °F).
• See above, same year

• In January 2008, Alice Springs in Australia's Northern Territory recorded ten consecutive days of temperatures above 40 °C (104 °F) with the average temperature for that month being 39.8 °C (103.6 °F). In March 2008, Adelaide, South Australia experienced maximum temperatures of above 35 °C (95 °F) for fifteen consecutive days, seven days more than the previous longest stretch of 35 °C (95 °F) days. The March 2008 heat wave also included eleven consecutive days above 38 °C (100 °F).^[24] The heat wave was especially notable because it occurred in March, an autumn month, in which Adelaide averages only 2.3 days above 35 °C (95 °F).
• The eastern United States experienced an early Summer heat wave from June 6–10, 2008 with record temperatures.^[26] There was a heat wave in Southern California beginning late June, which contributed to widespread fires. On July 6, a renewed heat wave was forecast, which was expected to affect the entire state.
• In early 2009, Adelaide, South Australia was hit by a heat wave with temperatures reaching 40+ °C for six days in a row, while many rural areas experienced temperatures hovering around about mid 40s °C (mid 110s°F). Kyancutta on the Eyre Peninsula endured at least one day at 48°C, with 46 and 47 being common in the hottest parts of the state. Melbourne, in neighbouring Victoria recorded 3 consecutive days over 43 °C (109 °F), and also recorded its highest ever temperature 8 days later in a secondary heatwave, with the mercury peaking at 46.4 °C (115.5 °F). During this heat wave Victoria suffered from large bushfires which claimed the lives of more than 210 people and destroyed more than 2,500 homes. There were also over half a million people without power as the heatwave blew transformers and the power grid was overloaded.
• In August 2009, Argentina experienced a period of unusual and exceptionally hot weather during August 24–30, 2009 during the Southern Hemisphere winter, just a month before Spring when a unusual and unrecorded winter heat wave hit the country. A shot of tropical heat drawn unusually far southward hiked temperatures 22 degrees above normal in the city of Buenos Aires and across the northern-centre regions of the country. Several records were broken. Even though normal high temperatures for late August are in the lower 15 °C (59 °F), readings topped 30 °C (86 °F) degrees at midweek, then topped out above 32 °C (90 °F) degrees during the weekend.^[31] Temperatures hit 33.8 °C (92.8 °F) on 29 August and finally 34.6 °C (94.3 °F) on 30 August in Buenos Aires, making it the hottest day ever recorded in winter breaking the 1996 winter record of 33.7 °C (92.7 °F). In the city of Santa Fe, a remarkable 38.3 °C (100.9 °F) degrees on 30 August was registered, notwithstanding the normal high in the upper 15°C/60°Fs. As per the Meteorological Office of Argentina August 2009 has been the warmest month during winter since official measurements began.
• In June 2010, Eastern Europe experienced very warm conditions. Ruse, Bulgaria hit 36.6 °C (97.9 °F) on the 13th making it the warmest spot in Europe. Other records broken on the 13th includes Vidin, Bulgaria at 35.8 °C (96.4 °F), Sandanski, Bulgaria hitting 35.5 °C (95.9 °F), Lovech and Pazardzhik, Bulgaria at 35.1 °C (95.2 °F) as well as the capital, Sofia, hitting 33.3 °C (91.9 °F). The heat comes from the Sahara desert and is not associated with rain. This helped the situation with high water levels in that part of the continent. On the 14th, several cities were once again above the 35 °C (95 °F) mark even thought they didn't break records. The only cities in Bulgaria breaking records were Musala peak hitting 15.2 °C (59.4 °F) and Elhovo hitting 35.6 °C (96.1 °F). On the 15th, Ruse, Bulgaria peaked at 37.2 °C (99.0 °F). Although it was not a record, this was the highest temperature recorded in the country. 5 Bulgarian cities broke records that day: Ahtopol hit 28.6 °C (83.5 °F), Dobrich was 33.8 °C (92.8 °F), Karnobat hit 34 °C (93 °F), Sliven hit 35 °C (95 °F) and Elhovo recorded 36.1 °C (97.0 °F

This is a Geo-satellite interactive map/Wiki showing all the above mentioned events.
http://maps.thefullwiki.org/Heat_wave
This is the link to the rest of the NASA/SEC warning going back to 1997
http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/alerts/archive.html

  Here are just 2 maps, one showing the temperature increase for the 2007 storm , in Europe, with the increase in the average mean temperature. The second is the global grid of the same effects.

       Interms  of geomagnetic storms...K-index warnings and NASA

             The K-index quantifies disturbances in the horizontal component of earth's magnetic field with an integer in the range 0-9 with 1 being calm and 5 or more indicating a geomagnetic storm


                     2004 Dec 25                                    

                    Space Weather Message Code: ALTK05
                    Serial Number: 448
                    Issue Time: 2004 Dec 25 0537 UTC

                    ALERT: Geomagnetic K-index of 5
                    Threshold Reached: 2004 Dec 25 0537 UTC
                    Synoptic Period: 0300-0600 UTC
                    Station: Boulder
                    NOAA Scale: G1 - Minor
                                                                     ....Minor....?


                                           1 day later, it triggered this event. December 26, 2004,

                                       http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake

                           

 Here's a link to every single seismic center in the world, where you can request data-sets from any monitoring station.     0,o----->  LINK




I am currently putting together a side-by-side map so you can see where the geomagnetic storm warnings ( k -indexes ) are for, ( what areas ) and the corresponding geomagnetic effects responsible for  " well control " issues and blowouts., .....earthquakes, etc. I will try to provide the images of exactly where the solar storms are hitting and have hit our planet.


--- Isaac 6/29/2010  3:17 PM EST

 http://unusualresearch.com/BallLightning/fulltext.pdf  
http://electrochem.cwru.edu/encycl/art-p01-plants.htm